Is the Universe Expanding
Dark Matter and Dark Energy Quash the Debate
The Theories
The explosive forces of the big bang will eventually be overcome by the inter-relation of the gravitational forces between the galaxies. Subquently the galaxies will begin to contract to the original plasma state of the universe prior to the big bang. In this closed universe, motion will retreat in a Big Crunch!
Gravitational forces between galaxies will become so weak that they will never be able to overcome the explosive forces of the big bang. In this open universe motion will continue ad infinitum until the Big Rip!
Gravitational forces between the galaxies will eventually equal the explosive forces of the big bang and equilibrium will be attained. Universal motion will stop as in String Theory’s the Dead Universe!
The Proof
“Ari Buchalter, a graduate astronomy student, and Dr. David Helfand, professor of astronomy at Columbia [University], have devised a way… to determine whether the universe is 'open' and will expand forever, 'closed' and will eventually collapse, or 'flat' and will attain some kind of equilibrium.” The evidence points to the open universe and the big rip. Recent observations of distant supernovae indicate that the universe is actually accelerating. In order to do this the density of the universe must be below the “critical density” as misunderstood by Einstein.
Helfand and Buchalter were able to measure the matter of distant galaxies by gravitational lensing and determined the matter was 7 times greater than the matter predicted by accumulation of all the stellar material within the galaxy, including Black Holes. The difference is called “Dark Matter.”
Dark Matter
In 2006, NASA expounded on Helfand & Buchalter’s work with the proof that Dark Matter does exist. Approximately 70-90% of the calculated matter in the universe is composed of this mysterious stuff. Simply put it is matter that does not emit any form of radiation and is therefore invisible or dark. In order for the theory of an infinitely expanding universe to withstand scrutiny, the cosmological constant (Omega)* must be less than 1, since dark matter and energy produces a repulsive force in the universe. The prevailing theory was dark matter gave an Omega of 0.2, insufficient to account for observed actions. Buchalter measured Omega nearing 0.38 which when added to normal matter gave a value over 0.4. This value corresponds well with observed forces and answers the question. Yes the universe is expanding in a saddle like motion.
* Introduced by Einstein in his General Theory of Relativity to offset the acceleration of the gravitational effects of matter. He considered it his biggest mistake. However, currently it is used to define the expansion limits (boundaries) of the universe. It is set at a value of one.
Related Articles:
Black Holes Space/Time Distortion
Supernova Destroys Star Rho Cas
Andromeda the Milky Way versus Sol
- Drs. Nemiroff, Robert; Bonnel, Jerry. “Will the Universe End in a Big Rip”
- Nelson, Bob. 20 February 1998 “Astronomers Study the Shape of the Universe”. 30 July 2007
- NASA Chandra Observations. 21 August 2006 “1E 0657-56: NASA Finds Direct Proof of Dark Matter” 30 July 2007
